【Kubernetes详解】（三）搭建Kubernetes Dashboard

一、前言上一篇文章介绍了从零开始搭建Kubernetes集群，本文将介绍一下如何搭建K8S的Dashboard。简单的说，K8S Dashboard是官方的一个基于WEB的用户界面，专门用来管理K8S集群，并展示集群的状态。K8S集群安装好后默认没有包含Dashboard，我们需要额外创建它。Dashboard设计的还不错，界面友好，功能也比较强大。如果你厌倦了命令行的操作，全程使用Dashboa

RobertLab

5231人浏览 · 2020-06-13 22:32:09

RobertLab · 2020-06-13 22:32:09 发布

一、前言

上一篇文章介绍了从零开始搭建Kubernetes集群，本文将介绍一下如何搭建K8S的Dashboard。

简单的说，K8S Dashboard是官方的一个基于WEB的用户界面，专门用来管理K8S集群，并展示集群的状态。K8S集群安装好后默认没有包含Dashboard，我们需要额外创建它。

Dashboard设计的还不错，界面友好，功能也比较强大。如果你厌倦了命令行的操作，全程使用Dashboard也是可行的。

因为我们使用kubeadm搭建的集群会默认开启RABC（角色访问控制机制），所以我们必须要进行额外的设置。关于RABC的概念，网上资料很多，大家务必提前了解。

二、RBAC简介

RBAC（Role-Based Access Control ）基于角色的访问控制，不懂的可以百度看下
K8S 1.6引进，是让用户能够访问 k8S API 资源的授权方式【不授权就没有资格访问K8S的资源】

2.1、用户

K8S有两种用户：User和Service Account。其中，User给人用，Service Account给进程用，让进程有相关权限。如Dashboard就是一个进程，我们就可以创建一个Service Account给它

2.2、角色

Role是一系列权限的集合，例如一个Role可包含读取和列出 Pod的权限【 ClusterRole 和 Role 类似，其权限范围是整个集群】

2.3、角色绑定

RoleBinding把角色映射到用户，从而让这些用户拥有该角色的权限【ClusterRoleBinding 和RoleBinding 类似，可让用户拥有 ClusterRole 的权限】

2.4、Secret

Secret是一个包含少量敏感信息如密码，令牌，或秘钥的对象。把这些信息保存在 Secret对象中，可以在这些信息被使用时加以控制，并可以降低信息泄露的风险
如下图，灰色是“角色”，蓝色是“用户”，绿色是“角色绑定”，黄色是该角色拥有的权限。简言之，角色绑定将角色和用户进行挂钩：
在这里插入图片描述

三、安装Kubernetes-Dashboard

官方文档：Web UI (K8S Dashboard)

3.1、部署

参考官方文档，在部署好了 k8s 集群环境的前提下，要安装 Kubernetes-Dashboard 只需要一条命令就可以搞定，如下：

kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes/dashboard/v2.0.0/aio/deploy/recommended.yaml

确实如此，但是要通过页面访问还需要进行其他操作

3.2、访问

要想通过页面访问，我们可以先大致看下 recommended.yaml，理解下其中的内容

3.2.1、recommended.yaml 内容

# Copyright 2017 The Kubernetes Authors.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
  name: kubernetes-dashboard

---

apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard

---

kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
spec:
  ports:
    - port: 443
      targetPort: 8443
  selector:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard

---

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
type: Opaque

---

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard-csrf
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
type: Opaque
data:
  csrf: ""

---

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard-key-holder
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
type: Opaque

---

kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard-settings
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard

---

kind: Role
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
rules:
  # Allow Dashboard to get, update and delete Dashboard exclusive secrets.
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["secrets"]
    resourceNames: ["kubernetes-dashboard-key-holder", "kubernetes-dashboard-certs", "kubernetes-dashboard-csrf"]
    verbs: ["get", "update", "delete"]
    # Allow Dashboard to get and update 'kubernetes-dashboard-settings' config map.
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["configmaps"]
    resourceNames: ["kubernetes-dashboard-settings"]
    verbs: ["get", "update"]
    # Allow Dashboard to get metrics.
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["services"]
    resourceNames: ["heapster", "dashboard-metrics-scraper"]
    verbs: ["proxy"]
  - apiGroups: [""]
    resources: ["services/proxy"]
    resourceNames: ["heapster", "http:heapster:", "https:heapster:", "dashboard-metrics-scraper", "http:dashboard-metrics-scraper"]
    verbs: ["get"]

---

kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
rules:
  # Allow Metrics Scraper to get metrics from the Metrics server
  - apiGroups: ["metrics.k8s.io"]
    resources: ["pods", "nodes"]
    verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]

---

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: Role
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
subjects:
  - kind: ServiceAccount
    name: kubernetes-dashboard
    namespace: kubernetes-dashboard

---

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
subjects:
  - kind: ServiceAccount
    name: kubernetes-dashboard
    namespace: kubernetes-dashboard

---

kind: Deployment
apiVersion: apps/v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
spec:
  replicas: 1
  revisionHistoryLimit: 10
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: kubernetes-dashboard
          image: kubernetesui/dashboard:v2.0.0
          imagePullPolicy: Always
          ports:
            - containerPort: 8443
              protocol: TCP
          args:
            - --auto-generate-certificates
            - --namespace=kubernetes-dashboard
            # Uncomment the following line to manually specify Kubernetes API server Host
            # If not specified, Dashboard will attempt to auto discover the API server and connect
            # to it. Uncomment only if the default does not work.
            # - --apiserver-host=http://my-address:port
          volumeMounts:
            - name: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
              mountPath: /certs
              # Create on-disk volume to store exec logs
            - mountPath: /tmp
              name: tmp-volume
          livenessProbe:
            httpGet:
              scheme: HTTPS
              path: /
              port: 8443
            initialDelaySeconds: 30
            timeoutSeconds: 30
          securityContext:
            allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
            readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
            runAsUser: 1001
            runAsGroup: 2001
      volumes:
        - name: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
          secret:
            secretName: kubernetes-dashboard-certs
        - name: tmp-volume
          emptyDir: {}
      serviceAccountName: kubernetes-dashboard
      nodeSelector:
        "kubernetes.io/os": linux
      # Comment the following tolerations if Dashboard must not be deployed on master
      tolerations:
        - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
          effect: NoSchedule

---

kind: Service
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scraper
  name: dashboard-metrics-scraper
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
spec:
  ports:
    - port: 8000
      targetPort: 8000
  selector:
    k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scraper

---

kind: Deployment
apiVersion: apps/v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scraper
  name: dashboard-metrics-scraper
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
spec:
  replicas: 1
  revisionHistoryLimit: 10
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scraper
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        k8s-app: dashboard-metrics-scraper
      annotations:
        seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/pod: 'runtime/default'
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: dashboard-metrics-scraper
          image: kubernetesui/metrics-scraper:v1.0.4
          ports:
            - containerPort: 8000
              protocol: TCP
          livenessProbe:
            httpGet:
              scheme: HTTP
              path: /
              port: 8000
            initialDelaySeconds: 30
            timeoutSeconds: 30
          volumeMounts:
          - mountPath: /tmp
            name: tmp-volume
          securityContext:
            allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
            readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
            runAsUser: 1001
            runAsGroup: 2001
      serviceAccountName: kubernetes-dashboard
      nodeSelector:
        "kubernetes.io/os": linux
      # Comment the following tolerations if Dashboard must not be deployed on master
      tolerations:
        - key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
          effect: NoSchedule
      volumes:
        - name: tmp-volume
          emptyDir: {}

3.2.1.1、recommended中包括了下面几个组件

Dashboard Service
Dashboard Deployment
Dashboard Role
RoleBinding
Dashboard Service Account
Dashboard Secret

Dashboard Service

kind: Service
...
k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
...
spec:
  type: NodePort
  ports:
    - port: 443 
      targetPort: 8443
      nodePort: 30000

Dashboard 对外提供服务设置，也指定了nodePort，这样我们可以通过物理机上的30000端口进行访问

Dashboard Deployment

kind: Deployment
...
k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
....

Dashboard的Deployment指定了其使用的ServiceAccount是kubernetes-dashboard。并且还将Secret kubernetes-dashboard-certs通过volumes挂在到pod内部的/certs路径。为何要挂载Secret ？原因是创建Secret 时会自动生成token。请注意参数–auto-generate-certificates，其表示Dashboard会自动生成证书。

Dashboard Role

kind: Role
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
rules:
...

如上定义了Dashboard 的角色，其角色名称为 kubernetes-dashboard，rules中清晰的列出了其拥有的多个权限。

RoleBinding

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: Role
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
subjects:
  - kind: ServiceAccount
    name: kubernetes-dashboard
    namespace: kubernetes-dashboard

Dashboard的角色绑定，其名称为 kubernetes-dashboard，roleRef 中为被绑定的角色，subjects中为绑定的用户：kubernetes-dashboard

Dashboard Service Account

apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  labels:
    k8s-app: kubernetes-dashboard
  name: kubernetes-dashboard
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard

如上定义了Dashboard的用户，其类型为ServiceAccount，名称为kubernetes-dashboard

Dashboard Secret

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
...

3.3.2、web 页面

通过暴露的NodePort: 30000 访问 dashboard，页面如图(我这里通过 firefox 才能访问，chrome 都不行)：https://localhost:30000/
在这里插入图片描述
这里有两种登录方式：

Token
Kubeconfig

我们使用 Token 的方式登录，获取 Token 方式如下：

kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard describe secret $(kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard get secret | grep kubernetes-dashboard | awk '{print $1}')

在这里插入图片描述
复制token，点击登录即可

3.3、到这里还没有完

通过3.2的步骤会出现下面问题：
在这里插入图片描述
出现上述问题的原因是因为，kubernetes-dashboard 这个账户的角色权限不够

解决：

3.3.3、创建dashboard-adminuser.yaml

cat > dashboard-adminuser.yaml << EOF
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: admin-user
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard

---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: admin-user
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: cluster-admin
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
  name: admin-user
  namespace: kubernetes-dashboard  
EOF

3.3.2、创建登录用户

kubectl apply -f dashboard-adminuser.yaml

说明：上面创建了一个叫 admin-user 的服务账号，并放在kubernetes-dashboard 命名空间下，并将 cluster-admin 角色绑定到admin-user账户，这样admin-user账户就有了管理员的权限。默认情况下，kubeadm创建集群时已经创建了cluster-admin角色，我们直接绑定即可。

3.3.3、查看admin-user账户的token

kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard describe secret $(kubectl -n kubernetes-dashboard get secret | grep admin-user | awk '{print $1}')

重新登录即可
在这里插入图片描述

四、一些命令

# 查看dashboard的角色(Role)
kubectl get role -n kubernetes-dashboard
# 查看dashboard的账户
kubectl get ServiceAccount -n kubernetes-dashboard
# 查看secret
kubectl get secret -n kuberntes-dashboard
# 查看集群的角色(ClusterRole)
kubectl get ClusterRole -n kubernetes-dashboard

Cloudpods

开源、云原生的融合云平台

更多推荐

面向未来的 IT 基础设施管理架构——融合云（Unified IaaS）

随着数字化时代的到来，IT系统已成为人类社会正常运转不可或缺的组成部分。不远的未来，智能制造，5G和人工智能等技术将成为推动生产力发展的重要引擎，人类社会将面临前所未有的全面彻底的数字化浪潮。IT基础设施作为IT系统运行的平台和载体，是实现数字化的基石。在这场数字化浪潮中，企业必须积极拥抱云计算技术，采用符合技术发展趋势、面向未来的IT基础构架，才能在未来的竞争中赢得先机。一、云计算历经十余年

Cloudpods

Cloudpods负载均衡的功能介绍

作者:周有松今天的内容会从以下几个方面展开：负载均衡产品简介。主要介绍负载均衡作为一个云上产品，它的功能模型是怎样的，日常使用中会遇到的业务词汇负载均衡的功能与典型应用场景。这部分主要结合业务词汇，对负载均衡服务中常见的一些功能选项进行介绍，并举例介绍一些典型的应用场景最后，我们做一下总结，讨论一下负载均衡产品相比传统方式的优点一、产品简介 1. 以NGINX为例提到负载均衡，我们以

Cloudpods

使用Linux vfio将Nvidia GPU透传给QEMU虚拟机

Linux 上虚拟机 GPU 透传需要使用 vfio 的方式。主要是因为在 vfio 方式下对虚拟设备的权限和 DMA 隔离上做的更好。但是这么做也有个缺点，这个物理设备在主机和其他虚拟机都不能使用了。 qemu 直接使用物理设备本身命令行是很简单的，关键在于事先在主机上对系统、内核和物理设备的一些配置。单纯从 qemu 的命令行来看，其实和普通虚拟机启动就差了最后那个-device的选项。这

Cloudpods

所有评论(0)

查看更多评论

RobertLab

@u013068377

已为社区贡献2条内容